How to Invest in Marijuana: Cannabis Stocks Explained

Marijuana is big business.

The once-shadowy industry has transformed into a highly commercialized and profitable sector, spanning biotech and research companies, as well as marijuana growers and consumer retailers.

More than 440,000 full-time jobs were supported by the legal cannabis industry in 2024, according to a report by Flowhub.   

By 2030, the U.S. legal marijuana market is expected to reach $40 billion, according to a report by Grand View Research.

Buying into an emerging industry poised for moonshot growth is enough to make any investor’s mouth water.

But the cannabis business isn’t like other cash crops. It’s still illegal at the federal level, which can make investing in cannabis stocks tricky.

Marijuana investments involve risk — but is the potential upshot worth it?

In this guide, we’ll explore the different types of marijuana companies, pros and cons of investing in the industry, top cannabis stocks and more.

Current Marijuana Legislation in the United States

States began legalizing medical marijuana more than 20 years ago. By late 2023, 40 states plus the District of Columbia permitted the sale of medical weed.

Recreational use also is booming. In 2012, Colorado and Washington became the first states to legalize recreational marijuana for adult use. More than a decade later in 2023, 24 states plus D.C. permitted recreational use, further expanding the legal cannabis industry.

In 2018, the production of hemp and, by extension, CBD oil was legalized at the national level. (The U.S. government defines hemp as any cannabis plant containing less than 0.3% of THC, the psychoactive substance that gets users high.)

But progress to legalize marijuana at the federal level remains mixed.

In October 2022, President Joe Biden granted clemency to certain low-level federal marijuana offenders and directed the attorney general to review the status of marijuana under federal law.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also recently recommended reclassifying marijuana as a lower-risk drug.

Marijuana is currently a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no currently accepted medical use in the U.S. and a high potential for abuse.

The HHS has reportedly called for pot to be reclassified as a Schedule III drug, meaning it has moderate to low potential for physical or psychological dependence.

The Drug Enforcement Administration, which has final authority on reclassifying marijuana, will review the recommendation.

A reclassification could majorly expand the pot market.

Still, recent rumblings in Washington, D.C., aren’t likely to result in full federal legalization anytime soon, forcing many cannabis companies and retail investors to linger in legal limbo.

Types of Marijuana Products and Companies

Cannabis may be booming, but there are still only a few dozen publicly traded companies.

Because Canada became the first G20 country to legalize recreational weed in 2018,  many marijuana stocks are headquartered there. U.S. companies that directly handle marijuana are barred from listing on U.S. stock exchanges.

Before you invest in marijuana, it’s important to understand different aspects of the industry.

First, there are two broad categories of cannabis products.

Medical Marijuana

Medical cannabis, which is grown and used to treat various medical conditions such as chronic pain, is legal in 40 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. It’s also legal in more than 30 countries. A patient needs a prescription from an authorized health care provider to obtain medical marijuana.

Recreational Marijuana

Twenty-four U.S. states, plus the District of Columbia, have legalized recreational marijuana for adults. Recreational use also is legal in several countries, including Canada, Mexico and South Africa. Because states have been slower to adopt recreational marijuana laws, the recreational sector accounts for a much smaller share of revenue within the legal cannabis market.

Numerous products are made from cannabis plants, including marijuana flower, CBD oils, edibles and hemp, as well as concentrates used in vaping and other items.

The marijuana industry supply chain is extensive, spanning manufacturing to marketing.

4 Main Types of Marijuana Businesses

Marijuana Growers

Cannabis growers cultivate the plant. Some also own production facilities or create cannabis-related products, like hemp.

Retailers

These companies own dispensaries where people can purchase cannabis products.

Biotech and Research

These pharmaceutical companies develop prescription drugs with cannabis ingredients.

Providers of Ancillary Products and Services

These companies facilitate the legal marijuana industry with services like distribution, marketing, hydroponic technologies, lighting systems and packaging.

Because the drug is still federally illegal, investing in U.S. cannabis stocks can be tricky. Buying shares of cannabis-related companies is one option.

Ancillary firms are listed on U.S. stock exchanges because these publicly traded companies don’t deal with the plant itself.

For example, Innovative Industrial Properties (IIPR) is an industrial real estate investment trust that specializes in leasing property to cannabis growers and other companies in the medical marijuana market.

Risks and Rewards of Investing in Marijuana Stocks

The marijuana industry is ripe for growth, but plenty of roadblocks remain, especially for U.S. companies and investors.

Before you jump into the cannabis industry, it’s important to understand what makes these stocks so exciting — and so risky.

Rewards

Marijuana is a nascent industry. Getting in on the ground floor is one of the biggest potential rewards for marijuana investors.

By getting in early, you might be able to capture larger-than-average returns as the cannabis industry expands and evolves.

Legal cannabis sales are expected to top $53.5 billion by 2027, according to a study by MJBiz, a leading B2B cannabis company.

With a majority of Americans in favor of legalizing marijuana, industry supporters say it’s only a matter of time before the U.S. government gives weed the green light.

People looking to invest in cannabis could buy cheap shares during the current market lull and hold their stocks until prices rise.

Some investors may see this as a prime buying opportunity. Once the federal government legalizes weed, institutional investors are likely to pour money into the marijuana industry and send cannabis stock prices soaring.

Marijuana stocks aren’t a good fit for conservative investors who hate the idea of losing money. But if you can stomach risk, devote time to researching companies and hold these assets for a few years, marijuana investing may be a good pick for your portfolio.

Risks

Investing involves risk. An asset can lose value as market conditions change. This holds true for any industry — not just marijuana companies.

But pot stocks can be particularly volatile.

Yes, weed is still illegal at the national level, but it’s more than that.

Investing in cannabis stocks is risky because:

• The industry is still young and rapidly changing.
• There’s less publicly available research for potential investors.
• Major price fluctuations and market swings are common.
• Would-be investors must be aware of scams and investment fraud in the industry.
• Some financial advisers won’t provide investment advice about the best marijuana stocks to buy.

Like any budding market, the cannabis industry has seen its share of bad actors. Companies poised for tremendous growth potential can suddenly underperform, get acquired by another company or even go bankrupt.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has issued several alerts over the years regarding marijuana stocks, warning consumers about unlicensed sellers, unsolicited offers, market manipulation and fake news releases meant to influence share prices.

In short, taking a chance on inexperienced and obscure companies can devastate your investment returns.

Another risk is investing in companies that exist simply because marijuana is still prohibited under federal law. Businesses that cropped up to solve a problem —  like alternative banking systems for marijuana dispensaries — could suddenly disappear once national legalization occurs.

We’ll discuss ways to mitigate risks associated with cannabis investing when we delve further into how to invest in marijuana.

Best Cannabis Companies to Invest In

Below is a list of the top marijuana stocks to consider. Our list only includes companies with market caps of at least $200 million with figures current as of May 2024.

How to Buy Marijuana Stocks

Below is a list of the top marijuana stocks to consider. Our list only includes companies with market caps of at least $200 million with figures current as of September 2023.

Follow these steps when investing in marijuana stocks:

1. Assess your investment objectives, risk tolerance and current portfolio holdings. Research and due diligence are a must.
2. Make sure you understand the company’s growth strategy and scrutinize its financial statements and business partners.
3. Brush up on recent business developments and market data, including acquisitions, mergers and changes in company leadership.

Canadian vs. United States Marijuana Companies

Marijuana’s illegal status at the federal level makes it harder for U.S. companies to get listed on a mainstream stock exchange.

Typically, shares of Canadian companies are the easiest pot stocks to buy in the U.S. So long as Canadian companies don’t sell marijuana in America, they can be listed on the Nasdaq or New York Stock Exchange.

But experts are mixed about the growth potential of Canada’s publicly traded cannabis companies.

In 2018, our neighbors to the north legalized recreational marijuana, spurring a boom of global investment. Stock prices soared, crashed, soared and crashed again.

Canadian marijuana stocks had a brutal 2021 and 2022, with share prices for companies like Cronos Group down by double digits.

Experts say overexpansion is to blame. In short, the Candianan industry burned through too much money, grew too much weed and rolled out retail dispensaries too slowly.

The result: Canadian cannabis companies are struggling to turn a profit, leading some investment experts to suggest the biggest areas of growth lie in the U.S. cannabis market.

The United States has a much larger and more lucrative marijuana market than Canada. But American-based cannabis businesses can’t list on U.S. stock exchanges.

This leaves U.S. cannabis companies two options: Get listed on a Canadian exchange or trade over the counter.

What Are Over-the-Counter Stocks?

Stocks purchased on over-the-counter exchanges are very speculative because they aren’t required to disclose certain financial information to the public, making it nearly impossible to conduct a true analysis of a stock’s value.

It’s also tricky for the average investor to even buy and sell OTC stocks. Many traditional brokerage accounts restrict or bar trading marijuana stocks on OTC exchanges.

You may need to use a special brokerage account to purchase shares of U.S. marijuana companies, although a few well-known discount brokers carry OTC stocks, including Fidelity and TD Ameritrade. Charles Schwab also lets you buy your own over-the-counter shares using the Schwab One brokerage account.

However, be cautious of trading fees. Some online brokerage firms charge a fee or trading commission on these stocks — even if the investment platform offers free trades on other securities.

How to Invest in Marijuana Exchange-Traded Funds

There are two primary ways to invest in marijuana: individual stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

ETFs are typically a good way to diversify your portfolio because they spread your investment dollars among several companies at once.

Marijuana ETFs can be less risky than investing in an individual marijuana stock because ETFs diversify you across every vertical of the cannabis industry, from product conception to consumption.

It may also be easier for the average investor to buy a marijuana ETF because several are listed on U.S. exchanges.

Most Popular Marijuana ETFs

• AdvisorShares Pure US Cannabis ETF (MSOS)
• AdvisorShares Pure Cannabis ETF (YOLO)
• Global X Cannabis ETF (POTX)
• AXS ETF (THCX)
• ETFMG Alternative Harvest ETF (MJ)
• Amplify Seymour Cannabis ETF (CNBS)

Going with an actively managed ETF, like Amplify Seymour Cannabis (CNBS) or AdvisorShares Pure US Cannabis (MSOS), is probably your best bet.

Actively managed funds are more responsive to industry shake-ups, like mergers, acquisitions and bankruptcies. Portfolio managers of actively managed ETFs are more nimble, allowing them to take advantage of dips in stock prices and divest from problematic companies.

In contrast, passively managed ETFs, like Horizons US Marijuana Index (HMUS) and the Cannabis ETF (THCX), are rebalanced and tweaked only once a quarter. A lot can happen in three months, especially in this industry.

If you’re trying to find the best marijuana ETF to buy, peek under the hood and look at the specific stocks a fund owns. Also make sure to examine the fund’s recent price movements along with its one-year and five-year returns.

What to Look for in Cannabis Stocks and Ways to Reduce Risk

The best marijuana companies share a few similarities. Here’s what to look for when picking cannabis investments that can help you mitigate (some) of the industry’s inherently risky nature.

• Look at the company’s management teams and executive board. Identify the seasoned executives with successful track records, not overnight startups with big promises and little capital.
• Time in the market beats timing the market. Weed stocks are already extremely volatile, so selling at the first price drop can be costly. If you buy into this industry, plan to hold your investments for at least a few years.
• Consider the company’s market cap. Businesses with bigger caps are more likely to have the financial stability to survive over the long haul. More established companies with higher market capitalization are less likely to go out of business.
• Look at a company’s news releases and its financial reports. Financial reports provide insight into a company’s activity and bottom line. It can be tough for a beginning investor to wade through these reports, but some key measures to look at include the company’s profit and loss (P&L), price-to-book (P/B) ratio, price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio and price/earnings-to-growth (PEG) ratio.
• Explore companies with non-marijuana revenue streams. As the cannabis industry grows, well-established companies — including Scotts Miracle-Gro (better known for lawn and garden products) and pharmaceutical company AbbVie Inc. — have entered the space, while still maintaining their non-marijuana business lines. These companies are typically considered less risky because marijuana-related services comprise only a portion of their revenue growth.

Rachel Christian is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance and a senior writer at The Penny Hoarder. She focuses on investing, retirement, taxes and life insurance. 

This article contains general information and explains options you may have, but it is not intended to be investment advice or a personal recommendation. We can't personalize articles for our readers, so your situation may vary from the one discussed here. Please seek a licensed professional for tax advice, legal advice, financial planning advice or investment advice.

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