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Here’s What You Should Know Before Taking Money From Your 401(k)

by Jamie Cattanach

Contributor

Updated November 8, 2024

Reviewed by Molly Moorhead, CFP®

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You’ve saved faithfully for retirement, putting money away and leaving it untouched to live on in your golden years.

Great work!

After following all the rules for contributing to a 401(k), did you know there’s another whole set of rules for taking money out?

It’s true. And it’s important to understand them so you don’t make a misstep and end up having to pay a penalty.

Here are the essential 401(k) withdrawal rules.

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What Is a 401(k), Anyway?

Before we start talking about how to take money out of your 401(k), let’s talk about how it gets in there in the first place. What is this bowl of alphabet soup, anyway?

A 401(k) is a company-sponsored investment account designed to help you save money for retirement — and it gets you a tax break today, too. You set up a portion of your wages, usually expressed as a percentage of your overall salary, to be automatically deposited, or “deferred,” to your 401(k).

Then, you invest the assets and allow them to grow on the market, slowly but surely building up your nest egg. You won’t pay income taxes on those funds until you take them out.

The really cool thing about 401(k)s is that, unlike many other retirement accounts, your employer can also make contributions — and many employers do, up to a certain percentage of your wages.

This is called an “employer match,” and it basically means free money. For every dollar you defer up to the designated percentage, your employer will put in the same, which is a super-easy way to increase your retirement savings.

Now that we’re on the same page about what kind of investment account we’re talking about, let’s talk about how to access your contributions — and capital gains — after you invest them.

401(k) Withdrawal Rules, Distributions and Penalties

A 401(k) withdrawal is known, in IRS-speak, as a distribution. And there are very specific rules regarding when distributions can be made.

In general, you won’t be able to take money out of your 401(k) without incurring a 10% penalty and owing taxes unless:

You reach age 59½. (You celebrate half-birthdays, right? The IRS is very fond of them.)
You become disabled.
You die and the distribution is made to your beneficiary.
You use the money to pay for medical expenses above a certain threshold.
You leave your job and are at least 55.
The money is part of a divorce agreement.

You can also take early withdrawals, known as “hardship distributions,” from your 401(k) if you can demonstrate you’re under certain types of serious financial burden.

However, hardship withdrawals are limited to your elective deferrals only — that is, you can take out the money you put into the account, but not any of the investment gains you might have earned in the meantime.

(It’s up to your employer whether or not you can take out any of those matching funds we discussed earlier, or any other discretionary contributions made by your company.)

You should also note that you’ll still be required to pay income taxes on the distribution — and, if you’re not yet 59.5, the 10% penalty will still apply.

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What Qualifies for a 401(k) Hardship Withdrawal?

The No. 1 criterion for qualifying for a hardship withdrawal is “immediate and heavy financial need.” The IRS outlines the following instances where this kind of need may arise:

You, your spouse, or your dependents incur medical expenses.
You need money to cover costs related to the purchase of your principal residence — but this does not include mortgage payments.
You’re footing the bill for higher education costs for you, your spouse, your children or your dependents, including tuition, fees, room and board.
You need money to avoid being evicted from your home or having your mortgage foreclosed.
You’re faced with funeral expenses.

It’s important to note that your employer ultimately decides whether or not you can take a hardship withdrawal from your 401(k) plan at all, no matter what your financial deal is.

And if you do take money out, you may be unable to make further contributions for a period of six months thereafter.

When Do I Have to Withdraw Money?

There are also rules about when you must make withdrawals. You’re not allowed to let your 401(k) contributions grow forever.

Once you reach age 73, you must begin taking required minimum distributions (RMDs) from your 401(k) account, unless you are still working.

The amount you must take out is determined by dividing your account balance by a figure, based on your age, that is set by the IRS in its Uniform Lifetime Table.

It’s all pretty technical but here’s why it matters: The penalty for failing to take your RMD is a 50% tax imposed on the difference between the amount you took and what you were supposed to take.

401(k) Loans

It’s also possible to borrow from your 401(k) — but just like any other loan, it must be repaid, on time and with interest.

If you fail to meet the terms of your 401(k) loan, the amount you owe back to the plan will become a distribution, and will thus be subject to income taxes and the early withdrawal penalty.

Just as with hardship distributions, it’s up to your employer and 401(k) custodian whether or not loans are allowed. If they are, you’ll be able to take a maximum of 50% of your vested account balance (i.e., funds you actually own, which may include employer contributions) up to $50,000.

In most cases, you’ll have five years to repay the loan, unless it’s being used toward the purchase of your primary residence. In that case, you’ll probably get a longer term.

If you meet these requirements the loan is not considered taxable income, meaning you won’t owe taxes on the amount you borrow.

What is the “Age 55” Rule?

If you’re almost, but not quite, at the age of retirement, these rules can feel even more stifling — which is why the IRS has implemented a special clause for savers aged 55 and older.

If you’re laid off, fired, or quit your job during or after the year of your 55th birthday, you get to make penalty-free distributions from your 401(k) plan… but only the one you were most recently invested in. That is, if you have other 401(k) accounts languishing from previous positions, you still won’t be able to access those funds until you reach 59½.

Which is one good reason to roll over your retirement account whenever you change jobs.

Moving On: 401(k) Rollovers and Transfers

If you get a new job (or quit your career to go freelance or start a business), you may be wondering what will happen to your 401(k).

You might even be considering cashing it out so you can walk into your new life with a windfall. (We’d recommend you don’t, for reasons we’ll dive into in just a second.)

Although it’s not the same as withdrawing the money to be used from your own pocket, rollovers and transfers are another way to move your 401(k) funds — and given how frequently most of us change positions these days, it’s important to understand your options.

Here’s what you can choose to do with your 401(k) when you’re leaving a job.

Direct Transfer

Probably the easiest way to deal with a dangling 401(k) is to simply roll it over into your new job’s plan, granted your new job has an eligible plan in the first place. (If you’re moving to a position that doesn’t offer a 401(k) or other compatible retirement benefit, you can roll the funds over into a traditional IRA.)

In a direct rollover, you never get to see the money — your existing plan’s custodian simply routes the money directly over to the new account manager. As such, you won’t have to worry about paying any income taxes or being assessed the early withdrawal fee, because you never have spending access to the funds in the first place.

Indirect Transfer or Rollover

Another option for bringing your 401(k) along with you to your new job is to do an indirect transfer, or rollover.

In this case, you actually do cash out your existing account, but with the intention of putting all the money right back into some other retirement-specific investment vehicle.

As long as you redeposit your entire account balance within 60 days of withdrawal, you’ll avoid paying any taxes or penalties.

However, there is one small fly in the ointment: Your existing account custodian is required by law to withhold 20% of the distribution, regardless of your good intentions, which means you’ll have to make up the difference out of your pocket when you fund the new account.

The money will eventually come back to you as a tax refund — but depending on the size of your 401(k), you might not have the funds to break even in the meantime.

And if you don’t redeposit the entire balance within the 60-day window, you’ll face those same early withdrawal penalties, not to mention income taxes.

Take the Money and Run

Yes, you can cash out your 401(k) when you leave your job.

But if you do, again: You’ll pay the 10% penalty and add the windfall to your taxable income for the year.

Pro tip: Don’t do this.

Leave It Where It Is

Another option? Simply leave the funds where they are — as long as your company allows it. (If you’ve only worked there a short time or your account totals less than $5,000, they may force you to take it with you.)

Different 401(k) plans have different policies, fees and investment options, so if you’re happy with what your former company offers, you might leave the money there and continue growing.

Of course, if you switch jobs, say, 10 times in your life and take this tack at each turn, you’ll end up with a scattered mess of a retirement portfolio.

Taking advantage of your company’s 401(k) plan is one of the very best ways to set yourself up for a comfortable retirement. These investment accounts carry lots of special incentives, including high contribution maximums as well as their tax-deferrable status.

But we get it: Life is expensive! And sometimes, you don’t have the cash you need to get through the present day, let alone some nebulous future moment.

Whenever possible, it’s best to leave your 401(k) funds invested and growing. Compound interest requires time to do its best work, and making early withdrawals can wreak havoc on your nest egg’s potential.

Read on:

Jamie Cattanach’s work has been featured at Fodor’s, Yahoo, SELF, The Huffington Post, The Motley Fool, Roads & Kingdoms and other outlets. Learn more at www.jamiecattanach.com.

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