4 Ways to Save for Retirement Without a 401(k)
We’re all looking for a way to save for retirement in hopes of having enough money to spend the last years of our lives in relative bliss.
One of the most common ways to do that is through a 401(k) account, a tax-advantaged savings account that allows you to invest your money in long-term mutual funds, stocks, bonds and other securities so you end up with more than you put in.
However, not everyone has access to a 401(k). In fact, they can only be opened at work, and not all employers offer them. As a result, you may have to save for retirement without a 401(k).
The U.S. Census Bureau found that roughly 34.6% of working-age Americans had a 401(k), 403(b), 503(b) or thrift savings plan, per 2020 data. At the same time, in 2020, about 33% of private industry workers didn’t have access to any employer-sponsored retirement plan, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
But the truth is, you don’t need an employer to save for retirement (although, 401(k)s are still great to have, especially if you get an employer match.)
You can take control of your future and save for retirement on your own. And we promise — it’s not as difficult or scary as it sounds.
4 Ways to Save for Retirement Without a 401(k)
1. Individual Retirement Account
Anyone who earns income can open an individual retirement account,(IRA). It’s a flexible option, as it’s designed in large part for self-employed people who can’t open employer-sponsored accounts.
Unlike a 401(k), these retirement accounts aren’t tied to your employment. They give you more individualized control and often offer more investment options than 401(k)s.
Opening an IRA is easier than ever before, thanks to low-cost robo-advisors and convenient micro-investing apps. (We’ll dive into those shortly.) You can also use more traditional options, like a bank, an investment company or an online brokerage.
But first, let’s discuss the two types of IRAs: Traditional and Roth. Both offer a sweet tax break, but in different ways.
Generally, contributing to a Roth IRA makes sense if you plan to be in a higher tax bracket when you retire, while a traditional IRA can be a better choice if you expect to be in a lower tax bracket when you retire. The key difference is that a Roth IRA allows for after-tax contributions while a traditional IRA allows for some pre-tax contributions.
Another way to think about it: A traditional IRA can help you save money on your yearly tax bill while a Roth IRA helps you save money on taxes in retirement.
Traditional IRA
A traditional IRA lets you worry about taxes later. You put money in your account today and enjoy tax-free growth until you make a withdrawal. Perhaps more importantly, you will also be able to deduct the money invested in your traditional IRA from your yearly taxable income.
You’ll pay income taxes when you pull money out. How much you owe is based on your tax bracket for the year in which you made the withdrawal.
Like with most retirement accounts, there is some kind of catch. You can’t access the money without penalty until you are 59½ years old. If you withdraw before then, you’ll have to pay both the income tax on the total funds as well as a 10% penalty to the Internal Revenue Service. Because the money is intended for retirement, the government makes sure it stays that way.
Traditional IRA Facts
- In 2024, you can contribute up to $7,000 for those under 50 and $8,000 for those 50 and older.
- You have to take required minimum distributions (mandatory withdrawals) from your account starting at age 73, assuming you reach the age after Dec. 31, 2022.
- Withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income.
- Early withdrawals before age 59½ come with a 10% tax penalty.
- Contributions are generally tax deductible.
That last item is key. When tax time rolls around, any money you have added to your account throughout the year reduces your taxable income, which can lower your tax bill and even boost your refund.
However, not everyone can claim this deduction.
- If your employer offers a retirement account (even if you don’t participate in it):
- Single filers: Your adjusted gross income (AGI) must be $74,000 in 2024 to take a full deduction. A partial deduction is possible with an AGI between $77,000 and $87,000.
- Married couples filing jointly: If your modified AGI is $123,000 in 2024 you are eligible to take a full deduction. If you land between $123,000 and $143,000 you are eligible for a partial deduction. (Assuming both parties have access to a retirement account at work.
- If your employer doesn’t offer a retirement account: You can claim a tax deduction on your contributions regardless of your income.
Roth IRA
Roth IRAs come with a tax bite today but allow you to make withdrawals tax-free down the road.
You fund your account with after-tax money. It grows tax-free and you won’t owe any income tax when you make withdrawals.
However, you won’t get a break at tax time; contributions to a Roth IRA aren’t deductible.
Roth IRA Facts
- You can contribute up to $7,000 a year, per 2024numbers, or $8,000 if you’re 50 or older. These numbers are a combined total for both Roth IRAs and traditional IRAs, so if you have two accounts, you can’t contribute more than the total amount.)
- You can withdraw contributions anytime, tax- and penalty-free.
- Money grows tax-deferred.
- Contributions aren’t tax deductible.
- No required minimum distributions.
High-income earners can’t contribute to a Roth IRA. In 2024, single filers can open a Roth account if their modified adjusted gross income falls below $161,000, or $240,000 for married couples filing jointly.
A perk of Roth retirement plans is you can withdraw contributions anytime, tax and penalty-free. Any of your own original money that you put in, you can take out without owing income taxes.
However, you can only pull the earnings (new money generated by your investments) out of a Roth IRA after age 59½ and after you’ve owned the account for at least five years.
Otherwise, withdrawing investment earnings can trigger taxes and a 10% early withdrawal penalty.
How Do You Open an IRA?
You can open an IRA online without ever speaking with a human. Isn’t technology great?
Robo-advisors and micro-investing apps make it super easy to get started. You can also open an IRA at most financial institutions and brokerage companies, like Charles Schwab, Fidelity or TD Ameritrade.
Robo-Advisors
One of the greatest advantages of IRAs is that they give you way more investment choices than 401(k)s. That’s great if you have investing experience, but harder to do if you aren’t familiar with investing.
But robo-advisors can diversify your IRA portfolio for you, with exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds based on your age, risk tolerance and goals. Most offer useful retirement planning and personal finance tools to visualize and easily manage your investments.
Many robos charge an affordable 0.25% annual account fee with low or no account minimums.
With most investment platforms, you’ll get your choice between a traditional or Roth IRA — or both. Some offer a SEP IRA for self-employed workers, too.
Micro-Investing Apps
Micro-investing apps like Stash and Acorns make it easy to set up small, recurring contributions to an IRA. Plus, you can start investing with as little as $5.
Like robo-advisors, they’re easy to use, convenient and automated.
However, you might end up paying higher fees over time due to an app’s monthly subscription model. Stash and Acorns, for example, charge a $3 monthly subscription fee to access a Roth or traditional IRA.
Paying $36 a year for a retirement account is steep compared to discount brokers and robo-advisors, especially for users with small account balances.
2. Health Savings Accounts
Using a health savings account (HSA) to save for retirement might seem like a strange idea.
By definition, HSAs are tax-advantaged accounts for clients under high-deductible health plans. Their intention was to be a way to save money to pay for unexpected health expenses. But they also offer great tax advantages, making them a smart way to save for the future, too.
Think of it like a 401(k) for your health.
HSAs are said to hold a triple tax benefit because:
- Contributions are tax-deductible.
- Money within the account grows tax-free.
- Distributions are always tax-free when used for qualified medical expenses.
An HSA lets you save on taxes when you contribute. Funds in your account roll over year after year, and you’ll get a tax break for any contributions you make.
You’ll never pay taxes or penalties if you withdraw money from your HSA to pay for qualified health care costs, including deductibles, copayments, coinsurance and some dental, drug and vision expenses. And when you turn 65, you can use money in your HSA however you want. (That comes with a caveat: if you don’t use your HSA funds after 65 on a qualified medical expense, you will have to pay income tax on the withdrawal.)
Best of all: You can invest money inside your account, just like you would a 401(k) or IRA. This lets your money grow over time, instead of sitting idle like it would in a traditional savings account.
It’s important to keep in mind that some HSA providers offer more — and better — investment options than others.
Some impose minimum balance requirements, transaction fees or investment fees. Nearly all providers charge annual account fees.
Technically, you can open an HSA even if your employer doesn’t offer one. But you can’t make contributions to the account unless you’re covered by a high-deductible health plan.
You also can’t add money if you’re enrolled in Medicare or Medicaid either. (However, you can take HSA money out of your account in retirement to pay for things Medicare doesn’t cover, like eyeglasses or hearing aids.)
The rules for 2024 are as follows: you have to have an HSA-eligible policy with a minimum deductible of at least $1,600 for a single person and $3,200 for a family. In 2024, you can contribute up to $4,150 for self-coverage and $8,300 for family coverage — including an additional $1,000 if you’re 55 or older.
3. Traditional Brokerage Accounts
Traditional brokerage accounts, also called taxable investment accounts, give you the benefit of investing for your retirement goals, but lack the special tax breaks IRAs, 401(k) and similar plans offer.
You generally owe taxes when you sell securities for a profit, even if you don’t withdraw the money from your account. You’ll also pay tax on any dividend income.
Realized gains are taxed at your normal income tax rate or a lower long-term capital gains tax rate, depending on how long you’ve owned the security.
But that’s not always a bad thing. Using a taxable investment account can actually make sense in some situations.
First, you can make withdrawals from a taxable account at any time, regardless of age. You won’t get pinged by a 10% penalty from the IRS, although you may face stiff capital gains tax on earnings.
This can make a taxable investment account beneficial if you’re saving for other mid- to long-term goals, like buying a house.
Another benefit is you can add as much money as you want: There are no contribution limits. So taxable accounts can be attractive if you’re already maxing out your IRA or HSA.
As a quick reminder: Traditional brokerage accounts let you buy and sell investments like stocks, bonds, ETFs and mutual funds. You can open an account at financial institutions, online brokers, robo-advisors and investment apps like Robinhood and E*TRADE.
4. Retirement Accounts for Self-Employed People
Small business owners and self-employed people get a few other retirement savings options.
SEP IRA
Most major brokerage firms offer Simplified Employee Pension IRAs (SEP IRAs) and they’re easy to set up.
A formal written agreement is required, but the brokerage usually takes care of that for you.
Any business with one or more employees can open a SEP IRA, including independent contractors, self-employed people, sole proprietorships, LLPs, C-corporations and S-corporations.
That makes these accounts ideal for freelancers, solo entrepreneurs and gig workers.
A SEP IRA offers much higher contribution limits than a traditional or Roth IRA.
In 2024, you can contribute up to 25% of adjusted net earnings or $69,000 — whichever is less.
Because you can add employees to a SEP IRA, these accounts are also attractive for solo business owners who plan to add workers to their payroll in the future.
Solo 401(k)
If you’re self-employed or own a business with no employees, you can open a self-employed 401(k), also known as a solo 401(k).
You get two opportunities to save — as an employee, and again as the employer.
As an employee, you can make tax-deductible or Roth retirement contributions up to 100% of your compensation, with a maximum of $23,000 in 2024 ($30,000 if you’re 50 or older).
On top of that, as an employer, you can put in up to 25% of your earned income. However, total contributions (not including additional contributions for those 50 and over) can’t exceed $69,000 in 2024.
You’re eligible to open a solo 401(k) if you generate profit from a sole proprietorship, LLC or any other business organization so long as you don’t have any employees besides you and your spouse.
Unique Features of Self-Employed 401(k)s
- People 50 and older can make annual catch-up contributions.
- You can make Roth contributions.
- You can’t add employees to the plan (besides your spouse).
- Opening an account can be trickier and more time-consuming than opening a SEP IRA.
- Might offer higher annual contribution limits and bigger tax deductions than a SEP IRA.
Rachel Christian is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance and a senior writer for The Penny Hoarder.
